What Kind of Pituitary Tumor Causes Nipple Discharge?
A certain type of tumor in the pituitary gland can cause nipple discharge by increasing the secretion of prolactin, a hormone. (more…)
What Is Mild Sleep Apnea? It’s Not What You Think
Is the mildness of sleep apnea determined by the patient’s daytime symptoms such as severity? Is it frequency of these symptoms? Or is it something else?
When Is It Okay to Smoke After a Root Canal?
At some point after a root canal, a smoker is going to want to smoke. And at some point following a root canal, it will be okay to smoke.
“Let’s be honest – you’d be hard pressed to find a dentist who thinks ‘smoking is okay’ at any time!” says Gigi Meinecke, DMD, FAGD, member of the Academy of General Dentistry with a private practice in Potomac, MD.
And if your dentist or hygienist is a smoker, this doesn’t change the fact that tobacco is bad for the teeth, gums and everyplace else inside your mouth.
The facts are what they are. But back to the specific question at hand here…
Dr. Meinecke continues, “With that said, there is nothing about a root canal procedure that would be considered a contraindication to smoking.”
So feel free to light up at any point following your root canal.
And maybe right after the procedure you’ll be too stressed to think about kicking the expensive habit.
But at some point, please do yourself a favor and make an effort to dump the habit.
Your teeth, skin and hair will be eternally grateful you did!
And so will your heart and lungs!
Dr. Meinecke, member of the Academy of General Dentistry, uses state-of-the-art sterilization procedures to ensure patient safety. In addition to comprehensive dental care, you’ll be treated in an ultra-modern dental office utilizing many of today’s latest dental technologies.
Lorra Garrick has been covering medical, fitness and cybersecurity topics for many years, having written thousands of articles for print magazines and websites, including as a ghostwriter. She’s also a former ACE-certified personal trainer.
Should a Broken Molar Be Pulled? Sometimes Yes, Sometimes No
Molars are subjected to the most biting force and thus can end up broken pretty badly, but at what point should they be pulled when this happens?
“Broken teeth are probably one of the most common emergency calls to the dental office,” says Gigi Meinecke, DMD, FAGD, member of the Academy of General Dentistry with a private practice in Potomac, MD.
“Like anything else, there are varying degrees of ‘broken’ when it comes to teeth,” she continues. “Only a dentist can determine if a tooth is broken beyond repair.
“Molars, located in the back of the mouth, have the most force applied to them when chewing (think of a nutcracker), and are frequent victims of breakage.”
Foods that Can Break a Molar
Hard candy. This includes anything with names like “Jaw Breakers.”
If you love hard candy, suck on it rather than chew. Remind yourself that you don’t have the jaws/teeth of a dog.
Stale gumball. Especially large ones; when stale they can be as hard as hard candy.
Chilled chocolate blocks. Biting into a block can easily crack a molar.
Peanut brittle.
Unpopped popcorn kernels.
Bread. Some crusts are ridiculously hard, forcing the eater to try to tear at the crust with their teeth, and then chew it with the molars. This puts tremendous strain on the molars.
Ice cubes. If you like to chew on ice, make it crushed ice.
Bones. You’re not a hyena. Don’t try to chew bones in the name of getting more calcium or because you don’t want to bother spitting them out.
Dr. Meinecke continues, “Depending on the extent of damage, your dentist will recommend anything from a simple filling, root canal and/or a crown.
“If your dentist believes the damage is beyond repair, or if the cumulative costs involved in repair don’t make good financial sense when weighed with the resulting long-term prognosis, he or she may recommend extraction.
“When extraction is the only option, your dentist will discuss replacement options with you.”
Dr. Meinecke, member of the Academy of General Dentistry, uses state-of-the-art sterilization procedures to ensure patient safety. In addition to comprehensive dental care, you’ll be treated in an ultra-modern dental office utilizing many of today’s latest dental technologies.
Lorra Garrick has been covering medical, fitness and cybersecurity topics for many years, having written thousands of articles for print magazines and websites, including as a ghostwriter. She’s also a former ACE-certified personal trainer.
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Top image: Shutterstock/sirtravelalot
How Long After Molar Extraction Should It Bleed & Solutions
There’s a general rule for how long after a molar is removed that active bleeding should last and how long seeping should last, plus how to treat and what to expect.
A lot of bleeding after molar extraction can be unnerving. Here’s what you need to know.
“Just like no two individuals are the same, no two extractions are the same,” says Gigi Meinecke, DMD, FAGD, member of the Academy of General Dentistry with a private practice in Potomac, MD.
“But in general, once your tooth has been removed, the dentist will place a thick piece of gauze at the extraction site and have you bite down on it,” continues Dr. Meinecke.
“You’ll be instructed to stay closed on the gauze for 20 minutes before removing it. That puts pressure on the area and helps stop the bleeding.
“During that time you should refrain from talking or any other mouth movements that would release the pressure on the gauze.”
That means you may want to turn off your cell phone to avoid the temptation to respond to incoming calls.
“You should swallow like normal during this time since any spitting will loosen the clot,” continues Dr. Meinecke.
“I tell my patients that the gauze does have an odd taste, but you should ignore it and swallow as usual.
“After the 20 minutes has gone by and you’ve removed the gauze, if there is still some bleeding your dentist will have given you a pack of extra sterile gauze. You can place new gauze in the area and bite on it again for 20 minutes – no peeking!”
What if the bleeding after molar extraction won’t stop after 20 minutes?
“If that 20 minutes goes by and you still have some bleeding or oozing of blood, you should get a tea bag – any generic tea will do – moisten the tea bag with water and place it at the extraction site and bite for another 20 minutes,” says Dr. Meinecke.
“Tea contains tannic acid which will help clot the blood. In total, 60 minutes of biting down on either the gauze or tea bag should be enough to stop any active bleeding.
“Don’t be alarmed if you see blood on your pillow the next morning. This is common, and remember that your blood is mixed with saliva which makes it appear more impressive, but it’s usually nothing to worry about.
“However, you should contact your dentist immediately if your mouth is filling with blood.
“Active bleeding should end within 20 minutes after extraction, and mild seeping of blood can go on for 12 hours.”
Dr. Meinecke, member of the Academy of General Dentistry, uses state-of-the-art sterilization procedures to ensure patient safety. In addition to comprehensive dental care, you’ll be treated in an ultra-modern dental office utilizing many of today’s latest dental technologies.
Lorra Garrick has been covering medical, fitness and cybersecurity topics for many years, having written thousands of articles for print magazines and websites, including as a ghostwriter. She’s also a former ACE-certified personal trainer.
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Top image: Shutterstock/Jaromir Chalabala
Is Mild Sleep Apnea a Risk Factor for All Cause Mortality?
Just how dangerous is untreated but mild obstructive sleep apnea? Can mild OSA cut your life short?
Moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea is defined as having equal to or greater than 15 respiratory disturbances per hour. (more…)
Does CPAP Lower Cardiovascular Risk Directly or Indirectly?
CPAP treatment of sleep apnea lowers cardiovascular risk – significantly, when compared to what it potentially could be if sleep apnea goes untreated on a chronic level. (more…)
HOW Does Untreated Sleep Apnea Damage the Heart?
You’d be shocked to know just all the ways that sleep apnea can harm the heart.
If you’ve ever wondered why periods of stopped breathing can be so dangerous to the cardiovascular system even though the heart doesn’t actually stop beating, you’re about to find out.
Sleep apnea is usually the obstructive type. This means that while you’re asleep, the structures and tissues of the upper airway collapse.
This may partially or completely obstruct the passage of inhaled air coming through.
If it’s a complete obstruction, the person will stop breathing.
However, the brain eventually senses a drop in oxygen levels, and rouses the sleeper — just enough to unrelax the airway tissues and allow for a deep breath.
Then the process starts all over again — all through the night.
Sleep apnea affects all ages.
What this all means is that the oxygen levels in the body are dropping (desaturation), then rising (re-saturation) with recovery breaths, then falling again, back and forth.
“Recurrent desaturation and re-saturation and recurrent arousals leads to fluctuations in pleural [surrounding the lungs] pressure and strains the heart, and can cause bradycardia and then tachycardia,” says Dr. Nancy Foldvary-Schaefer, DO, MS, and Director, Sleep Disorders Center, Cleveland Clinic.
- Bradycardia: abnormally slow heartbeat
- Tachycardia: abnormally fast heartbeat
”The heart should rest in sleep, but in the presence of significant OSA, the heart is actually working harder than it should be,” says Dr. Foldvary-Schaefer.
“Long-term, recurrent apneas associated with hypoxia [abnormally low oxygen] and arousal lead to a pro-inflammatory state that drives cardiovascular events, stroke and hypertension: systemic and pulmonary.”
A Closer Look at Untreated Sleep Apnea’s Danger to the Heart
The collapsed airway subjects the body to ongoing periods of:
• Hypoxia
• Abnormally low pressure within the chest/lung cavity
• Brain arousals
More specific harm then follows:
• Reduced contractile ability of the heart muscle
• Heart muscle wall stress
• Activation of the sympathetic nervous system—the “flight or fight” response
• Increase in blood pressure
• Increased heart rate
• Body-wide inflammation
• Platelet activation (aka thicker blood; higher blood clot risk)
• Impairment of the inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium)
Whew! That’s a lot! But that’s just the beginning.
For example, that impaired endothelial function can lead to increased stiffness of the arteries – which then can bring on high blood pressure throughout the day.
Now wait a minute here. If the sleep apnea ends when you awaken, why would you have high blood pressure throughout the DAY?
It all originates during sleep when you stop breathing. Remember, OSA drops the body’s oxygen level, arousing the brain — just enough to send signals through your nervous system to get you breathing again, but not enough to awaken you to full consciousness.
Obstructed airway. Habib M’henni, Wikimedia Commons
The signals instruct the blood vessels to increase the flow of oxygen to the heart and brain. However, this mechanism may carry over to after you’re awake.
The low oxygen levels (desaturation) during sleep trigger several mechanisms that persist during waking hours – ripples in the pond that continue to expand outward.
At the end of any given overnight apneic event, blood pressure may be as high as 240/130.
However, “One can have low blood pressure and still have OSA,” says Dr. Foldvary.
This is because, for reasons researchers don’t yet know, some patients — even those with severe OSA (as measured by the average number of sleep disordered events per hour) — don’t experience symptoms during wakefulness.
Untreated Sleep Apnea: Body Lying Still but Overworking
It’s one thing when your body works hard during conscious daytime exercise at the gym.
It’s a whole new, and brutal, animal when your body is overworked overnight due to stopped breathing and desaturation.
The overwork due to sleep apnea thickens the walls of the heart. That may sound like the heart gets stronger like a biceps muscle, but biceps muscle and heart muscle are not the same kind of muscle.
You do NOT want the walls of your heart to thicken. This enlargement makes the heart get less oxygen and work less effectively.
Furthermore, the overnight workload changes the structure of your heart.
It becomes stiffer because more (and undesirable) fibrous cells grow between the cardiac muscle cells.
You eventually resume breathing, so what’s the big deal?
Frequent bouts of hypoxia damage the blood vessels that supply oxygen to the heart.
Recurring hypoxia causes the release of substances that may cause constriction of blood vessels for hours.
Obstructive sleep apnea can lead to chronic heart failure via several routes:
• Activating the sympathetic nervous system, including during waking hours.
• Increasing left ventricular workload, including during wakefulness.
• Increasing right ventricular workload.
All of this can then lead to atrial fibrillation, a rhythm disorder. And guess what: another ripple, in that atrial fibrillation is a major risk factor for stroke and heart attack!
Are you now getting the impression that sleep apnea’s ripples in the pond are created by a boulder?
If someone tells you they think you have sleep apnea, but they’re not a doctor, don’t let that stop you from SEEING a sleep doctor.
• Don’t make excuses like “I’m old.”
• Regardless of cause of OSA (obesity, smoking, naturally narrow upper airway, excess throat tissue), the damage to the body is the same, and in most cases, the treatment is the same.
The gold standard of treatment is CPAP: continuous positive airway pressure — shown below.
CPAP machine. Shutterstock/Brian Chase
In some cases, OSA can be mitigated by a custom-made mandibular device to place inside the mouth overnight, fashioned by a sleep dentist.
- Loud snoring
- Paused breathing
- Gasping while asleep
- Snorting during sleep
- Frequent urination overnight
- Restless, fidgeting sleep
- Frequent awakenings
- Waking unrefreshed
- Jaw soreness on waking
- Dry mouth on waking
- Sore throat on waking
- Morning headaches
- Poor concentration
- Reduced attention span
- Irritability or moodiness
- Brain fog
- Hypertension that doesn’t respond to treatment
- Daytime fatigue
- Frequent naps watching TV
- Dozing off when driving
Certified by the American Board of Neurology and Psychiatry in Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology and Sleep Medicine, Dr. Foldvary-Schaefer has treated patients with sleep disorders and epilepsy at Cleveland Clinic since 1995. She has served as a lead investigator on numerous clinical trials.
Lorra Garrick has been covering medical, fitness and cybersecurity topics for many years, having written thousands of articles for print magazines and websites, including as a ghostwriter. She’s also a former ACE-certified personal trainer.
.Sources:
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673608616220
health.clevelandclinic.org/2015/05/do-you-snore-how-sleep-apnea-can-hurt-your-heart/
thoracic.org/patients/patient-resources/resources/obstructive-sleep-apnea-and-heart.pdf
sleepfoundation.org/ask-the-expert/sleep-apnea-and-heart-disease
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109708016483
Sleep Apnea’s Gasp for Breath vs. Overnight Laryngospasm
Okay, so which is it: sleep apnea or laryngospasm, being that both can cause you to abruptly wake in the middle of the night gasping for breath? (more…)
Can a Finger Pulse Oximeter Alone Detect Sleep Apnea?
Being that sleep apnea causes frequent low oxygen levels overnight, could a finger pulse oximeter by itself detect sleep apnea?
When sleep apnea is suspected, the patient is encouraged to undergo a “sleep study” (polysomnography) at a lab — and if that’s absolutely not possible, one can take a sleep study test at home overnight. (more…)
